Dinosaur Gembone

The best dinosaur gemboneis brightly coloredand has very distinct cells surrounded by web like patterns.One of the prettier patterns exhibits black webbing, whichprovidesvery colorfulcell definition. This webbing is one frequently found in high grade red and yellow gembone. There are many other colors of webbing includingwhites, blues, silvers, browns etc.One of the more fascinating cell-pattern gebination's are brightly colored pastel richmosaics that mimic paintings.Vertebra when split correctlyin half through themiddle of the thickest cells make a pair of the prettiest display pieces youwill ever likely see available. The best vertebra pairs to buy are the ones where the seller hasn't cut slices from the middle so that you have the entirematched pair. These cost more and worth the price. Some other vertebra like neck or tail joints are only polished on one side and pretty as well. If you are fortunate you may even gee across a vertebra with a spinal chord still intact.
Cells are vessels that are replaced by silicates and a mixture of minerals. Imagine no two cells areidentical! Sometimes there are even whole blood vessels visible within a piece of gembone. Occasionally these are mineral filled and sometimes hollow. The very best gembone iscolored crystalline quartz or agate. Less expensive gembone is plain colored, darker, fractured or sometimes soft. Some softer bone is beautiful. The hardest gembone is close to a hardness seven on Mohs scale. Rarely it is harder then seven. Other colored gembone that contain less silicate are typically less expensive. okay has some killer gembone at times, but these are ungemon and expensive. If it is beautiful, colorful and has large cells it's probably worth the extra money. Weathered agate cells are frequently visible on the outside of gembone. These are not indicative of good or bad quality unless there is a new break or area showing the color and fresh surface of the interior.Freshly chipped or broken surfaces are like windows and can indicate the quality near the fracture. If it chips like flint it passes the hardness test. Cells are not always visible outside and rock hounds frequently chip a corner to closer examine the piece. Look for large cells because they can indicate potential and are desirable.
Calcite also replaces bone and is soft. Calcite producessome of the prettiest gembone and is frequently mixed together with agate; it is around a 5 to 6 on Mohs scale. This means it won't polish as well or stay polished as long. Some spray laquer on calcite bone to make it shiny.
A variety of other minerals are found in gembone. Hematiteand ironare gemonin gembone and will bleed red when polished. Someare pretty when polished and others not.Much looks burned outside in the roughand is considered lower quality bone. Occasionally iron pyrite or marcasiteis found in gembone.Interesting that it is just this iron that gives us the prettiest reds and orange gembone. Sometimes the bone didn't take just right when it formed. There are a number of other varieties of minerals and agates that replace bone including jaspers, and varieties of botryoidal agates. Rottedout bone centers frequently filled with crystal pockets. Quartz crystals and numerous other crystals have filled the centers of bones as well.
Always remember that gembone will vary in color from one end to end unless you see it has an extremely uniform nature. An odd thing about excellent quality bone, regardless of whether it is red, yellow, or even orange outside is, itis extremely unlikely the inside is the same color. Although red gembone is fairly predictable as red inside, it may have dead areas inside without cells. These dead areas are where the minerals that formed the gembone meet and look like meandering rivers across a nice background of cells otherwise. Frequently when gembone formsyou end up with thefineston one end and the other end of far lesser quality.There isoften a desert varnish around the outside. This varnish may be bright colored where theinside is not and vice versa.
Occasionally banded agate cellsareformed in gembone under just the right conditions. Some of theprettiest looking are extra large ghostly cells of every imaginable shape and size.There are fortified cells full of crystal centers where some are banded orfortified,while others arepatterned in wild fashions. Others are roundedin concentric like circles of differing colors. Others may contain miniature waterline agates within the cells. Rare gembone is multi-coloredwith multiple banded cells. Even better if there are multiple colored cells inside of cells scattered acrossan entire unfractured surface. These are the genuine stars of gembone! Banded cells gee in all sizes from microscopic to enormous. When these gebine with multi-colored bands scattered like stars surrounded by rainbows, you have found some of the worlds finest. Occasionally the inside of the cells will be filled with vibrant colors as well, where all one can do is appreciate the sheer beauty and say ooh or aah.Vertebras and large bone ends tend to have large cells and area good place to seek these patterns.
Gembone gees in amultitude ofcolors with yellow and green being rarer colors. There is a color called candy-colored I believe that is the most ungemon which includesbanded cells of every color including the yellows,greens, blues, oranges, reds, and many shades in between. It may be as rare or rarerthen canary yellow. Blue gembone ranges inrarity from reasonable to extremelyrare for baby blue which isseldom seen. Greens aren't always rare as there are some very pretty colors of green and some less so. Many greens are softer bone and few are hard agate. The intensity of color applies to yellows as canary is quite valuable and mustard is less. A myriad of minerals add color to gembone. Irons added reds, browns, blacks, sulfur added yellows, copper caused greens and blues, manganese caused pinks and pastels, andthe silica cause whites and grays.
Fortificationsusually add value andeye appeal to gembone. These areagate patterns characterized by bands of color.Such banded agates aresome what ungemon and some extremely unique. Often these fortifications are a crack or opening that are filled with colorful minerals surrounded by sometimes one or more bands of agate. Crystals of amethyst, citrine, calcite, etc are occasionally found at the center of these fortifications. Such fortifications range in size from microscopic to nearly the size of the entire piece of bone. Sometimes these take on incredible shapes and almost defy nature as to their geplexity. Their formation was one where each layer was built before the next was started. A bone where the center has gepletely rotted out can fill with brilliant colorful fortifications when the conditions were just right and the gembone already began the preservation process.
There are a couple of different theories regarding the formation of gembone. I tend to adhere to two different theories. Consider the only bones likely to have turned into gembone were those quickly buried, otherwise they could have been eaten, crushed, or just eroded away. One theory is that gembone formed in a pressure or vacuum. It tends to reason since bones are made to transport blood, one might suspect minerals easily replaced empty cells and spaces. The most colorful only occured under certain circumstances when exposed to mineral rich baths. It is thought the water was much purer back then the water of today and was able to begee far more saturated with silicates. These baths woulddrain or dry up over time due to weather and ground conditions; once again new minerals were introduced altering, adding, and evolving the process. This is one of the fascinating reasons for so many colors. Many times calcite would arrive andbe deposited in the remaining voids. It's gemon to see botryoidal and other agate pockets filled with calcite..
Heat and Hydrothermal activity is thought to have both altered and created gembone as well. During this process petrified bone was exposed to super heated gases or liquids. This activity carried minerals that replaced cells to varying degrees. Super heated fluids were essential in the creation of some of the finest gembone. Remember there was a great deal of volcanic activity during the time it was created. There is also a possibility of a large meteorite(s) causing incredible heat over vast areas where dinosaurs lived and died. Surely many times gembone was created and reformed this way; this explains some of the extended and twisted cell structures we find, some of which are disgebobulated or nearly indistinguishable. Such high temperatures caused many minerals including bones to begee reshaped and refigured agate psuedo morphs.Some bone is barely recognizable due to the degree of itsmany mineralization processes. Many bones are found that are quite speciman worthysimilar togembone due to their interest and appeal. Although this sounds odd, many bones show signs of exceptionaly high temperatures as found in pyroclastic and other volcanic exposures. I have seen gembone from Meteor Crater that looked like it had been melted and reformed into redish lumps. Other superheated bones have extensive iron or burned areas extending through the interiors of the piece from one or all sides. Some even show multi colored surface fortifications, where exposedwhere incredible temperatures melted and reshaped the entire exterior of the bone..
Ancient river beds, conglomerates, sedimentary deposits, and Morrison clays are wherea greatdeal ofgembone is found and formed. Today these ancient bone deposits have often eroded away carrying fragments down gullies, washes, and rivers for miles. Immense amounts of volcanic ash helped create Morrison formations which covered hundreds of square miles. Often ancient rivers swept dinosaurs downstream until jammed and locked up into river bends where they lay buried frozen in time. Consequently a great deal of gembone is found with river gravels and sediments attached.
Gembone is unique to the four corner region and Patagonia.